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Python多线程中锁与阻塞的使用误区

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关于阻塞主线程 join的错误用法

Thread.join() 作用为阻塞主线程,即在子线程未返回的时候,主线程等待其返回然后再继续执行.

join不能与start在循环里连用

以下为 错误代码 ,代码创建了5个线程,然后用一个循环激活线程,激活之后令其阻塞主线程.

threads = [Thread() for i in range(5)]
for thread in threads:
thread.start()
thread.join()

执行过程:

1. 第一次循环中,主线程通过start函数激活线程1,线程1进行计算.

2. 由于start函数不阻塞主线程,在线程1进行运算的同时,主线程向下执行join函数.

3. 执行join之后,主线程被线程1阻塞,在线程1返回结果之前,主线程无法执行下一轮循环.

4. 线程1计算完成之后,解除对主线程的阻塞.

5. 主线程进入下一轮循环,激活线程2并被其阻塞…

如此往复,可以看出,本来应该并发的五个线程,在这里变成了顺序队列,效率和单线程无异.

join的正确用法

使用两个循环分别处理 start 和 join 函数.即可实现并发.

threads = [Thread() for i in range(5)]
for thread in threads:
thread.start()
for thread in threads:
thread.join() time.sleep代替join进行调试

之前在一些项目里看到过这样的代码,使用time.sleep代替join手动阻塞主线程.

在所有子线程返回之前,主线程陷入无线循环而不能退出.

for thread in threads:
thread.start()
while 1:
if thread_num == 0:
break
time.sleep(0.01) 关于线程锁(threading.Lock) 单核CPU+PIL是否还需要锁?

非原子操作 count = count + 1 理论上是线程不安全的.

使用3个线程同时执行上述操作改变全局变量count的值,并查看程序执行结果.

如果结果正确,则表示未出现线程冲突.

使用以下代码测试

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import threading
import time
count = 0
class Counter(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, name):
self.thread_name = name
super(Counter, self).__init__(name=name)
def run(self):
global count
for i in xrange(100000):
count = count + 1
counters = [Counter('thread:%s' % i) for i in range(5)]
for counter in counters:
counter.start()
time.sleep(5)
print 'count=%s' % count

运行结果: count=275552

事实上每次运行结果都不相同且不正确,这证明单核CPU+PIL仍无法保证线程安全,需要加锁.

加锁后的正确代码:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import threading
import time
count = 0
lock = threading.Lock()
class Counter(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, name):
self.thread_name = name
self.lock = threading.Lock()
super(Counter, self).__init__(name=name)
def run(self):
global count
global lock
for i in xrange(100000):
lock.acquire()
count = count + 1
lock.release()
counters = [Counter('thread:%s' % i) for i in range(5)]
for counter in counters:
counter.start()
time.sleep(5)
print 'count=%s' % count

结果: count=500000

注意锁的全局性

这是一个简单的python语法问题,但在逻辑复杂时有可能被忽略.

要保证锁对于多个子线程来说是共用的,即不要在Thread的子类内部创建锁.

以下为错误代码 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import threading
import time
count = 0
# lock = threading.Lock() # 正确的声明位置
class Counter(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, name):
self.thread_name = name
self.lock = threading.Lock() # 错误的声明位置
super(Counter, self).__init__(name=name)
def run(self):
global count
for i in xrange(100000):
self.lock.acquire()
count = count + 1
self.lock.release()
counters = [Counter('thread:%s' % i) for i in range(5)]
for counter in counters:
print counter.thread_name
counter.start()
time.sleep(5)
print 'count=%s' % count

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